Fascism is a political ideology that emphasizes the importance of the nation-state, while Nazism is a specific form of fascism that is based on the belief in racial superiority. 4.1 The emergence of the authoritarian state in Germany, 1919-1934 164 4.2 Hitler's consolidation of power, 1934-1935 183 4.3 The aims and results of Nazi policies 210 . Photo of Mussolini and Hitler standing next to each other, each dressed in their military uniforms. Compare and contrast the methods used to maintain power in two authoritarian states, each from a different region. Today, authoritarian regimes comprise only one-fifth of all states in the world (Marshall & Cole 2011, p. 10). (May 2006), Analyse thenature and extent of internal opposition and the methods used to deal with this opposition by Stalin, Evaluate the contribution to the rise to power of Hitler of each of the following: National Socialist ideology; the use of force; economic crises. How power was consolidated and maintained; legal methods versus use of force, treatment of opposition, impact of foreign policy. Hitler proved to be a charismatic campaigner and used the latest technology to reach people. Carnegie does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of Carnegie, its staff, or its trustees. How was authoritarianism implemented in Italy? Communist Party: -Fear of Bolshevik revolution. Authoritarian states (20th century) Emergence of authoritarian states Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the Thus unlike minorities in Italy, Ethiopians were viewed by most Fascists as barbaric "others" who could never become Italian. 2023 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Additionally, the study shows how the continued use of practices from authoritarian times revealed the weakness of the democratic transition in Myanmar. Last August, he sparked outrage by suggesting Taiwanese people would need to be re-educated following a Chinese takeover of the self-ruled island, while during the Covid pandemic he suggested France was abandoning old people in nursing homes. Use of legal methods; use of force; charismatic leadership; dissemination of . To what extent did economic factors contribute to the emergence of two authoritarian states, each from a di erent region? Discuss with reference to one authoritarian state. However, their solution was "Italianization." In someincluding Algeria, Armenia, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, and Sudanprotests have driven leaders out of power. Main telephone: 202.488.0400 The EUs top diplomat, Josep Borrell, said the bloc would reassess and recalibrate our strategy towards China, adding that foreign ministers would discuss Lus statements as part of planned EU talks on China on Monday. I dont see them either. In Tanzania, which has not published nationwide figures relating to the coronavirus since May 8, President John Magufuli insisted that the country had defeated the virus through prayer. Using the terms fascism and Nazism interchangeably is incorrect because they are not synonyms. A major issue with the parliamentary system of Weimar Germany was the constant change of who exactly was in charge. Since the end of the Cold War, the proportion of authoritarian states in the world has been on the decline. By 1938, the Nazis were physically expelling some Jews and debating massive resettlement plans. Washington, DC 20036-2103. Emergence of authoritarian states Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the (May 2009, TZ1), To what extent was the ruler of one single-party state successful in achieving his aims? How consistent was this vision to Cuba in reality? Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. But this challenge is especially difficult for governments that do not enjoy the legitimacy that comes from winning free and fair elections and that instead rely heavily on economic performance as their primary source of popular legitimacy. (goal: increase acceptance of fascist ideology {many ignored indoctrination aspects}), 3.) Compare and contrast the methods used to maintain power in two authoritarian states, each from a different region. 1 Not only is the proportion of authoritarian states on the decline, but the proportion of authoritarian states that have institutions conventionally associated . All nations have an official type of government as designated in the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency's World Factbook. In 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia, and used similar harsh tactics. In the Reichstag (parliament) elections of May 2, 1928, the Nazis received only 2.6 percent of the national vote, a proportionate decline from 1924, when the Nazis received 3 percent . Try as they will to distort reality and spin fables, the many nondemocratic leaders and regimes that have stumbled in tackling the pandemic now face citizens with powerful new grounds for grievance and distrust. Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda. How the state emerged and how power was established - economic, social and political factors; use of propaganda, force,. There, tensions over pay and work conditions had put landowning farmers in conflict with Socialist-backed workers. Create a potted biography of an authoritarian state identified in the article. The skim should be very quick and give you the gist (general idea) of what the article is about. The new governments first targets were political opponents. Dont assume western democracy will last forever, Ukraine ammunition depot reportedly hit in wave of Russian missile attacks. It is hollowing out democratic institutions and enhancing the tools of repression in developing countries. David has worked for two academic journals, Posted 2 years ago. Now that youve skimmed the article, you should preview the questions you will be answering. How did Mussolini strengthen the power of the Fascist party? HITLER [speaking German]: Vietnams leaders, for example, responded to the countrys first confirmed infections as early as January, imposing travel restrictions and quarantines with a speed that made it a textbook case of an effective response to the public health emergency. How were German and Italian justifications for expansion similar? Thomas Carothers, co-director of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peaces Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program, is a leading expert on comparative democratization and international support for democracy. First he attacked the Greek island of Corfu. A third debility of the pandemic responses of many authoritarian regimes has been the lack of coherence and flexibility in the hierarchy of governance. (May 2010), Assess the importance of economic distress and ideological appeal in the rise to power ofoneleft-wing andoneright-wing single-party ruler. economic factors'. Moreover, among democracies, those with leaders who have strong illiberal tendencies, like U.S. President Donald Trump and Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro, have done the worst in responding to the pandemic. Unpopular rulers or governments, and their overthrow, were responsible for the formation of the majority of twentieth century single-party states. To what extent do you agree with this assertion? (May 2009. These questions will help you get a better understanding of the concepts and arguments that are presented in the article. In a country plagued by joblessness, embittered by loss of territory, and demoralized by ineffective government, political demonstrations frequently turned violent. Among his achievements was the creation of organizations designed to make children grow up to be good Fascists. By censuring Li instead of acting on his alerts, local authorities may have facilitated the coronaviruss unchecked spread; consequently, Lis death from the virus in early February sparked an outpouring of anger and grief on Chinese social media. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. 83 - How did Castro deal with Lanz + Urrutria, and how did this reflect on him as leader? HItler a Career" by Joachim Fest - the preview: Create your own unique website with customizable templates. The mixed record of authoritarians responses to the coronavirus undercuts any simple conclusion that the pandemic will bolster authoritarianism globally over the long term. -Frequent changes of chancellor. Adolf Hitler was not elected to office and he did not have to seize power. Certainly, Mussolini and the Fascists saw ethnic minorities as impediments to the creation of a purely Italian state. In 2019, an EU policy document described China as simultaneously a partner, economic competitor and systemic rival, but different member states attach different weight to each part of that assessment. Graded student examples with one case study. The post illustrates what we call organic online politics, or forms of digital mobilization that grow from specific rural conditions, material concerns, and repertoires of resistance.In advancing this concept, we argue that online politics are shaped not only by authoritarian repression and national political trajectories, but also by rural communities and their histories. NARRATOR: 82 - How did Castro establish his government, and what challenges arose? When the government chose not to intervene in this conflict, the Fascists used the fighting to gain power in the region. Lu Shaye, Chinas ambassador to France, said independent states that emerged from the collapse of the Soviet Union lacked actual status in international law. the authoritarian state with such a memorable moniker. To what extent was the role of propaganda used to consolidate and maintain . Asked if China stood behind the envoys remarks, the foreign ministrys spokesperson Mao Ning said China had been one of the first countries to establish diplomatic relations with former Soviet states. -Tried to limit Hitler's powers as chancellor in 1932. (May 2009), Compare and contrast the domestic policies of Hitler and Stalin up to the outbreak of the Second World War. The three themes for this topic are: 1. Tsahkna added: I hope that there will be an explanation. Why were some Italian Fascists unhappy with Mussolinis early years in power? Stalin was obsessively focused on getting rid of enemies. How consistent was this with Castro's overall vision for Cuban society? Will the Invasion of Ukraine Change Russia-Africa Relations? In Iran, in late February as the coronavirus began spreading through the country, Shia clerics vociferously resisted government demands that major shrines be closedan encapsulation of the power of the countrys religious establishment. The kulaks are just one example. But Beijing is nonetheless working to amplify authoritarianism around the world. In Egypt and Russia, doctors who criticize or challenge the governments response to the pandemic risk detention or physical retaliation. They did not use race. In recent months Beijing has tried to burnish its relationship with Europe, welcoming a string of European leaders to China. Landsbergis tweeted: If anyone is still wondering why the Baltic states dont trust China to broker peace in Ukraine, heres a Chinese ambassador arguing that Crimea is Russian and our countries borders have no legal basis.. He used authoritarian tactics to solidify communist control of the Soviet Union. Still, Fascism in Italy was not without racism. We draw on over a decade of fieldwork in the Salween River Basin where dams and diversions have been proposed since 1979, including the most recent iteration, the Yuam . German authorities sent thousands, including leftist members of Parliament, to newly established concentration camps. In the early 1930s, the frequency of elections was dizzying. 20. First he attacked the Greek island of Corfu. In Turkey, where mayors in Istanbul and Ankara affiliated with the opposition party have won praise among their constituents for their responses to the pandemic, President Recep Tayyip Erdoan has actively tried to undermine them whenever possibleannouncing weekend curfews on short notice to leave the opposition mayors flat-footed, canceling charity fundraisers that the mayors organized, and shutting down opposition-run food kitchenseven at the cost of weakening the countrys broader response to the pandemic. 'Domestic policy rarely managed to achieve its aims', Discuss how far you agree with this statement with reference to two authoritarian states you have studied, both from different regions. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. With a lack of guidance from the top, disorder among the governors ensued, as some officials adopted measures the Kremlin criticized as excessive and others took measures that were deemed insufficient. How did Japanese leaders justify Japans imperial expansion? Analyze the conditions that enabled one left-wing leader to become the ruler of a single-party state. In Turkey, last months lifting of many restrictions saw a spike in cases, but Erdoan refrained from reimposing another lockdown, fearful of the economic damage it would cause. Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda, 2. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1.) Direct link to Yagnesh Peddatimmareddy's post mussolini created a dicta, Posted a month ago. The conquest of Ethiopia prompted Fascists to set harsher boundaries of who could be assimilated and who could not. The Fascists learned that paramilitary violence was an effective political tool. We are not satisfied.. Analyse themethods used to eliminate opposition by two single-party rulers, each chosen from a different region. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social . The projection of national power overseas resonated with many Italians. These failings are likely to have negative long-term consequences for these regimes. Neysun Mahboubi, a research scholar at the Center for the Study of Contemporary China at the University of Pennsylvania, said on Twitter that Lus comments were totally stupid and that the level of incompetence is just staggering. Course: World History Project - 1750 to the Present, World History Project - 1750 to the Present. To probe the potential political consequences of the pandemic for authoritarian regimes, it is useful to look more closely at why many have fallen short in their responses to the coronavirus. What distinguished Italian Fascism from Nazisms biological view of race? In the 1930s, the Japanese government increasingly came under the control of authoritarian governments. For example, all of them embraced nationalism, and they all found ways to justify violence against civilians. 3. Compare and contrast the methods used to maintain power in two authoritarian states, each from a different region. demonstrates how local conditions are often unsuited to the ideal type of civil society as delineated in Western values, for instance in cases where numerous political, . Paper Two essays will expect students to analyse one or two authoritarian states on a topic inked to one of the themes on the prescribed content. From this year onward, Italy moved closer and closer to the Nazi position. 2. Charismatic appeal rather than successful domestic policies enabled single-party leaders to maintain power. With reference to Mao, to what extent do you agree with this statement? By the end of the second close read, you should be able to answer the following questions: Finally, here are some questions that will help you focus on why this article matters and how it connects to other content youve studied. This is not war, one wounded soldier wrote home. -November criminals - stabbed in the back. Crime was on the rise. All rights reserved. This is a list of key notes that you can use in paper 2 as the most important factors that need to be studied as recommended by the History guide. The governments of Algeria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Burundi, Eritrea, Equatorial Guinea, Iran, Nicaragua, Russia, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Turkey, Turkmenistan, and Zimbabwe, for example, have displayed serious shortcomings in confronting the coronavirus, shortcomings that often reflect core features of their authoritarian governance. The humiliation of Germanys defeat and the peace settlement that followed in 1919 would play an important role in the rise of Nazism and the coming of a second world war just 20 years later. In the 1920s, Mussolini pursued an aggressive foreign policy. 100-01 - What economic policies did the Government introduce to deal with the issues that Cuba faced? Social and economic policies in authoritarian states did not always achieve their aims.. Another million were sent to prisons called Gulags. INTRODUCTION. States and China might entail out to 2050, the authors. Aims and results of policies: social, economic, political, cultural. (2) How did Fidel Castro consolidate and maintain his power? of three authoritarian states should be studied. 1. How successful was it? Mistake #2: Using The Terms Interchangeably. (1) How did Fidel Castro rise to power in Cuba? In what ways did Mussolini pursue an aggressive foreign policy? In this way, militarism and imperialism broadened Fascism's appeal. The Fascists soon followed up with assaults throughout the region. Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda, Ideology, Role of Leaders, Use of Force, Persuasion, Propaganda, RAS- local fascist leaders in charge of action squads, -M deployed squadristi (paramilitary of the PNF led by ras) to, -M renounced atheism to appeal to Catholic Church, -Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro (OND): recreational club for adults. China respects the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of all countries and upholds the purposes and principles of the United Nations charter, she said, describing the countrys stance on Ukraine as objective and fair. We demand vengeance!. Authoritarian states present a broad and serious challenge to liberal democracies and to the liberal world order. Germany has awakened! Photo of young Italian boys wearing Ballilla uniforms. The use of force was the most important method used to maintain power in authoritarian states.. Aftermath of World War I and the Rise of Nazism, 1918-1933, NARRATOR: In 1923, he was imprisoned for trying to overthrow the government. It is the ending of the world. Half of all Frenchmen aged 20 to 32 at wars outbreak were dead when it was over. (3) How did Castro's domestic policies affect Cuba? Many authoritarian and authoritarian-leaning governments have not responded well to the pandemic. Unit Objectives: Authoritarian and Single Party States. Hitler spoke to the SA, his army of storm troopers. Four key weaknesses are manifest. The idea was that non- Italians could become Italian if they assimilated to Italian culture and pledged loyalty to the nation. What similarities do you see between Italys racist ideology in Ethiopia and the ideologies behind European imperialism during the long nineteenth century? How did conditions in Germany and Europe at the end of World War I contribute to the rise and triumph of Nazism in Germany. Japan already had some colonies, including Korea, but many military and business leaders argued that Japan deserved to rule most of Asia.
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